How do you calculate throwing power?

Field3 first proposed a formula for the Throwing Power Index, so that: (1) where L = x1 / x2 and M = w2 / w1. The formulae used have depended upon two issues: first, the range of values; second the sensitivity of the value obtained.

What is Micro throwing power?

Micro throwing power is about using organic additives that are attracted to these asperities and shield them so that new adatoms form on the “cushion” rather than on the “pins”.

What are the factors that give a property of good throwing power in electroplating?

It turned out that the copper sulfate concentration of 30g/L, a current density of 5 ASF, a brightener concentration of 60ml/ kAH and the vibration frequency of 30s are advantageous to achieve best throwing power in the electrodeposition processes.

What is cathode efficiency in electroplating?

Cathode efficiency is the ratio of the actual amount of the deposited material to the theoretical amount that should be deposited.

What is throwing power in electroplating?

Throwing power is a measure of an electroplating solution’s ability to plate to a uniform thickness over an irregularly shaped cathode. If the irregularly shaped cathode’s entire surface is plated to a uniform thickness, the solution has a perfect throwing power.

What is throwing power and how do you improve it?

The equation for throwing power is: T.P.(%) = 100 (5 – M) / 5 + M – 2. Where T.P. is throwing power and M is the ratio of the weight of the deposited metals on cathodes. To improve throw, a conforming anode may be fashioned to bring the anode closer to the low current density areas.

What is meant by throwing power?

: the ability to deposit a plating of uniform depth on a surface of irregular shape.

What is current efficiency formula?

Current efficiency describes the efficiency with which charge (electrons) is transferred in a system facilitating an electrochemical reaction. This phenomenon was originally understood through Michael Faraday’s work and expressed in his laws of electrolysis. In mathematical terms: m = (M×I×T) / (N×F)

What is throwing power of plating bath?

What is throwing power of electrolyte?

Throwing power is the ability of an electrolyte to deposit metal of a uniform thickness across a cathode surface. This term is not to be confused with covering power, which is the ability of an electrolyte to deposit metal across an area regardless of thickness distribution.

What is anode used in gold plating?

Gold anodes or platinum-plated titanium anodes can be used, but the platinum anodes are more common. Platinum can dissolve with high current density, which can be prevented by plating the anode with 10 μm gold plate. It will dissolve slowly, since the anodic current efficiency is only about 1%.

What is throwing power and what is coverage?

Throwing power is the ability to plate into low current density areas with the same thickness as in the higher current density areas. Coverage is the ability to obtain a chrome deposit in a difficult area regardless of thickness.

How is throwing power used in an electroplating cell?

Corrosionpedia explains Throwing Power In the electroplating process, the anode and cathode in the electroplating cell are both connected to an external supply of direct current. The anode is connected to the positive terminal and the cathode (article to be plated) is connected to the negative terminal.

Which is the best definition of throwing power?

Throwing power is a measure of an electroplating solution’s ability to plate to a uniform thickness over an irregularly shaped cathode. Throwing power can be classified as good, medium or poor.

What does throwing power in chromium plating mean?

THROWINGPOWERINCHROMIUMPLATING ByH.L.FarberxandW.Blum ABSTRACT Duringrecentyearschromiumplatinghascomeintoextensiveuseinspiteof thefactthatitisverydifficulttodepositchromiuminrecessesofirregularly shapedarticles. Generalprinciplesshowthatinthechromicacidbathsused forplatingthereislittlehopeofradicallyimprovingthe”throwingpower.”

How do you calculate throwing power? Field3 first proposed a formula for the Throwing Power Index, so that: (1) where L = x1 / x2 and M = w2 / w1. The formulae used have depended upon two issues: first, the range of values; second the sensitivity of the value obtained. What is Micro throwing…