What is CA Dipicolinate?

Bacterial spores are rich in calcium dipicolinate (CaDPA). The role of this compound in the high UV resistance of spore DNA and their unique DNA photochemistry is not yet clarified.

Which part of bacterial spores contain calcium Dipicolinate?

core
Up to 20% of the dry weight of the endospore consists of calcium dipicolinate within the core, which is thought to stabilize the DNA. Dipicolinic acid could be responsible for the heat resistance of the spore, and calcium may aid in resistance to heat and oxidizing agents.

What is DPA in biology?

Dipicolinic acid (DPA) comprises ∼10% of the dry weight of spores of Bacillus species. Although DPA has long been implicated in spore resistance to wet heat and spore stability, definitive evidence on the role of this abundant molecule in spore properties has generally been lacking.

What is the role of calcium Dipicolinate?

Biological role Dipicolinic acid forms a complex with calcium ions within the endospore core. The calcium-dipicolinic acid complex also functions to protect DNA from heat denaturation by inserting itself between the nucleobases, thereby increasing the stability of DNA.

What is a bacterial spore in food?

Bacterial spores are much more resistant to heat, chemicals, irradiation and desiccation than their vegetative cell counterparts. The main food poisoning spore-formers are Clostridium botulinum, C. perfringens (formerly known as C. licheniformis have been implicated in food poisoning incidents.

Which bacteria are spore forming?

Spore-forming bacteria include Bacillus (aerobic) and Clostridium (anaerobic) species. The spores of these species are dormant bodies that carry all the genetic material as is found in the vegetative form, but do not have an active metabolism.

What are the characteristics of endospores?

The endospore consists of the bacterium’s DNA and part of its cytoplasm, surrounded by a very tough outer coating. Endospores can survive without nutrients. They are resistant to ultraviolet radiation, desiccation, high temperature, extreme freezing and chemical disinfectants.

What are the two major components of spores?

From the most external layers, bacterial spores (oval endospores of 1–1.5 μm diameter) are composed of an exosporium (absent in Bacillus subtilis), two proteinaceous layers called the inner and outer coat, the outer membrane and the cortex, which is mainly composed of a thick peptidoglycan structure, a cell wall, and …

What is the process of spore outgrowth into a vegetative cell called?

Under favorable environmental conditions, the spore breaks dormancy and restarts growth in a process called spore germination and outgrowth (Fig. 3). The germination process occurs in the following three stages: Cortex lytic enzymes are activated, and the protective spore peptidoglycan cortex is degraded.

How is dipicolinic acid used in the environment?

Environmental behavior. A number of studies have confirmed dipicolinic acid is biodegradable in aerobic and anaerobic environments, which is consistent with the widespread occurrence of the compound in nature. With a high solubility (5g/liter) and limited sorption (estimated Koc = 1.86), utilization of dipicolinic acid as a growth substrate by…

Which is the correct formula for picolinic acid?

Picolinic acid is an organic compound with the formula C 5 H 4 N (CO 2 H). It is a derivative of pyridine with a carboxylic acid (COOH) substituent at the 2-position. It is an isomer of nicotinic acid and isonicotinic acid, which have the carboxyl side chain at the 3- and 4-position, respectively. It is a white solid that is soluble in water.

Where is dipicolinic acid found in bacterial DNA?

As a result, bacterial DNA is found in a highly condensed form inside the endospore providing an obvious analogy to eukaryotic histone proteins. The core is partially dehydrated and contains up to 1 M calcium ions complexed with dipicolinic acid (DPA) [24,26].

How is dipicolinic acid transported to the forespore?

SpoVA, a membrane-associated protein transcribed from a σ G promoter, binds the dipicolinic acid in order to bring it into the forespore [111]. These events, especially dipicolinic acid movement and cortex polymerization, require proteins controlled by σ K and thus overlap with Stage V.

What is CA Dipicolinate? Bacterial spores are rich in calcium dipicolinate (CaDPA). The role of this compound in the high UV resistance of spore DNA and their unique DNA photochemistry is not yet clarified. Which part of bacterial spores contain calcium Dipicolinate? core Up to 20% of the dry weight of the endospore consists of…