What are the portosystemic collaterals?

Portosystemic shunts, also known as portosystemic collaterals, are abnormal communications between the portal system and the systemic circulation, and such shunts can be congenital or acquired(7,8). Congenital shunts can be intrahepatic or extrahepatic, and their classification is complex.

What are Portosystemic varices?

Portosystemic collateral pathways (also called varices) develop spontaneously via dilatation of pre-existing anastomoses between the portal and systemic venous systems.

What are Perisplenic collaterals?

Splenic varices usually traverse the splenocolic ligament and are seen as dilated veins in the anteroinferior aspect of the spleen[20]. Perisplenic collaterals can communicate with the gastric veins.

What are portal vein collaterals?

Rectal varices represent portal systemic collaterals that are manifested as discrete dilated submucosal veins and constitute a pathway for portal venous flow between the superior rectal veins of the inferior mesenteric system and the middle and inferior rectal veins of the iliac system.

How does collateral circulation develop?

Contrary to the belief that collateral vessels develop over time in chronic stenotic condition, there exists a phenomenon that collateral circulation develops immediately in acute stenosis or occlusion of the arteries and it seems to be triggered by fluid shear stress, which occurs between the territories of stenotic/ …

What is Grade 3 varices in the esophagus?

Grade 3 – Large, coil-shaped esophageal varices occupying more than one third of the lumen.

How do you treat gastric varices?

Endoscopic treatment modalities for gastric variceal bleeding.

Gastric variceal sclerotherapy (GVS).
Gastric variceal obturation (GVO) with glue.
Gastric variceal band ligation (GVL) with or without detachable snares.
Thrombin injection (bovine or human).
Combined endoscopic therapy.

How long does it take for collateral veins to develop?

Cardiologists have long been aware of the occurrence of large and often epicardial collateral vessels after total or subtotal occlusion of a major coronary artery (fig 1). These usually become visible within two weeks following an occlusion, and they arise from preformed arterioles.

What is cavernous transformation of the portal vein?

Objective: Cavernous transformation of the portal vein is defined as the formation of venous channels within or around a previously thrombosed portal vein.

How long does it take for collateral vessels to form?

What kind of imaging is used for perianal fistulas?

Although imaging techniques played a limited role in evaluation of perianal fistulas in the past, it is now increasingly recognized that imaging techniques, especially magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, may play a crucial role.

How many people are affected by perianal fistulas?

Perianal fistulas occur in approximately 10 of 100,000 persons, with a twofold to fourfold male predominance. Although anal fistulas were known to Hippocrates and have been described throughout the centuries, they began to receive special attention in the 19th century.

What are the advantages of MR imaging in fistula evaluation?

An important advantage of MR imaging in fistula evaluation is the ability to study the anal sphincter complex in any surgically relevant plane. For this reason, it is critical that imaging planes are correctly aligned with respect to the anal canal.

How is the fistula of a Perianal abscess treated?

For simple intersphincteric fistulas, the surgeon performs a fistulotomy or fistulectomy, in which the internal sphincter is divided to lay open the track. Alternatively, in patients with perianal abscess, the surgeon performs a simple incision and drainage first. Fortunately, the majority of fistulas are of this type.

What are the portosystemic collaterals? Portosystemic shunts, also known as portosystemic collaterals, are abnormal communications between the portal system and the systemic circulation, and such shunts can be congenital or acquired(7,8). Congenital shunts can be intrahepatic or extrahepatic, and their classification is complex. What are Portosystemic varices? Portosystemic collateral pathways (also called varices) develop spontaneously…