What is the function of flagellin?

Traditionally, flagellin was viewed as a virulence factor that contributes to the adhesion and invasion of host cells, but now it has emerged as a potent immune activator, shaping both the innate and adaptive arms of immunity during microbial infections.

Is a flagellin a PAMP?

Other PAMPs include bacterial flagellin (recognized by TLR5), lipoteichoic acid from gram-positive bacteria (recognized by TLR2), peptidoglycan (recognized by TLR2), and nucleic acid variants normally associated with viruses, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), recognized by TLR3 or unmethylated CpG motifs, recognized …

Is flagellin an antigen?

Specifically, flagellin is a common bacterial antigen present on most motile bacteria in the gut (22). Moreover, flagellin is highly antigenic; indeed, responses against flagellin are protective in Salmonella infections in mice (23, 24).

What unit is used to measure bacteria?

micrometer
A suitable standard for measuring microbes is the micrometer which is six times smaller than a meter (one-millionth of a meter). There are 106 µmeters in one meter, and it is these units that are used to measure the size of bacteria. Typically, bacteria range from about 1 µm to about 5 µms.

What is called flagellin?

Flagellin is a globular protein that arranges itself in a hollow cylinder to form the filament in a bacterial flagellum. It has a mass of about 30,000 to 60,000 daltons. Flagellin is the principal component of bacterial flagella, and is present in large amounts on nearly all flagellated bacteria.

What are examples of virulence factors?

Factors that are produced by a microorganism and evoke disease are called virulence factors. Examples are toxins, surface coats that inhibit phagocytosis, and surface receptors that bind to host cells.

Is a peptidoglycan an antigen?

Significance of peptidoglycan, a proinflammatory bacterial antigen in atherosclerotic arteries and its association with vulnerable plaques.

Are PAMPs epitopes?

PAMPs are essential polysaccharides and polynucleotides that differ little from one pathogen to another but are not found in the host. Most epitopes are derived from polypeptides (proteins) and reflect the individuality of the pathogen.

What is K antigen in bacteria?

Capsular polysaccharide (CPS) or K antigen is a covalently attached surface associated virulence factor that conceals the bacterial surface and helps it to escape from host self-defense mechanism (6–8).

How is flagellin produced?

Currently, flagellin is mainly produced by in vivo recombinant DNA technology, and most evaluations of flagellin as an immune stimulator have used one of the two forms of flagellin from Salmonella typhimurium, FliC and FljB6,7,8.

What is the function of the spleen in the human body?

Located in the upper left region of the abdominal cavity, the spleen’s primary function is to filter blood of damaged cells, cellular debris, and pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Like the thymus, the spleen houses and aids in the maturation of immune system cells called lymphocytes.

What happens to red blood cells in the spleen?

It affects the number of red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout your body, and the number of platelets, which are cells that help your blood to clot. It does this by breaking down and removing cells that are abnormal, old, or damaged. The spleen also stores red blood cells, platelets, and infection-fighting white blood cells.

What is the function of Myoepithelial cells in the spleen?

Both the capsule and trabeculae contain myoepithelial cells which have the ability to contract. As the spleen stores a significant amount of blood, the contraction of myoepithelial cells pumps stored blood into the circulatory system when the body is in need; for example during intense physical activity or massive hemorrhage.

What causes the spleen to become non-functional?

This condition involves the death of spenic tissue due to a lack of oxygen to the spleen. Splenic infarction may result from certain types of infections, cancer metastasis, or a blood clotting disorder. Certain blood diseases may also damage the spleen to the point where it becomes non-functional.

What is the function of flagellin? Traditionally, flagellin was viewed as a virulence factor that contributes to the adhesion and invasion of host cells, but now it has emerged as a potent immune activator, shaping both the innate and adaptive arms of immunity during microbial infections. Is a flagellin a PAMP? Other PAMPs include bacterial…